HISTORY
 

ANCIENT CLASSICAL THOUGHT
(c.700 BCE - c. 350 BCE)

• The Pre-Socratics (c.650 - c.400 BCE):
  • Milesians:

    • Thales (c. 625 - ? BCE)

    • Anaximander (c.610 - ? BCE)

    • Anaximenes

  • Pythagoreans:

    • Pythagoras (c. 570 - ? BCE)

    • Philolaus (470 - 380 BC)

    • Archytas (428 - 347 BC)

  • Eleatics:

    • Xenophanes (c. 570 - ? BCE)

    • Heraclitus of Ephesus (c.540 - ? BCE)

    • Parmenides of Elea (c. 515 - ? BCE)

    • Zeno of Elea (c. 490 - ? BCE)

    • Melissus of Samos (c.470 - ? BCE)

  • Pluralists:

    • Anaxagoras (c.500 - ? BCE)

    • Empedocles (c.492 - ? BCE)

  • Atomists:

    • Leucippus (5th Century BCE)

    • Democritus (c.460 - ? BCE)

    • Diogenes of Apollonia (c.460 BCE)

• Hellenistic, Roman and Late Antique Philosophy (c.300 BCE - c.150 CE):
  • Epicureanism:

    • Epicurus (341 - 270 BCE)

    • Titus Lucretius Carus (c. 99 - 55 BCE)

  • Neo-Platonism:

    • Origen of Alexandria (185 - 254 CE)

    • Plotinus (204 - 270 CE)

    • Porphyry (c.234 - 305 CE)

    • Iamblichus Chalcidensis (c.245 - c.325 CE)

    • Hypatia of Alexandria (c.370 - 425 CE)

    • Proclus Lycaeus (412 – 485 CE)

    • Hierocles of Alexandria (c.430 - ? CE)

    • Damascius (c.480 - ? CE)

    • Simplicius (?)

  • Skepticism (Academic [Socratic] and Pyrrhonian):

    • Pyrrhonian Skeptics:

      • Pyrrho of Ellis (c.360 BCE - c.270 BCE)

      • Timon of Philius (c.320 - 230 BCE)

      • Aenesidemus (1st Century BCE)

      • Agrippa the Sceptic (1st Century CE)

    • Academic Skeptics:

      • Arcesilaus (c.315 - c.240 BCE)

      • Carneades (c.214 – c.128 BCE)

      • Clitomachus (c.186 – c.109 BCE)

      • Philo of Larissa (c.153 – c.83 BCE)

      • Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BCE)

    • Sextus Empiricus (2nd or 3rd Century CE)

  • Stoicism:

    • Zeno of Citium (c.335 - 263 BCE)

    • Cleanthes (c.301 - c.232 BCE)

    • Chrysippus (c.280 - c.201 BCE)

    • Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (95 –46 BCE) [Cato the Younger]

    • Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 BCE - 65 CE) [Seneca the Younger]

    • Epictetus (55 - 135 CE)

    • Marcus Aurelius (121 - 180 CE)

• Classical Literature and Literary Theory:

  • Greece:

    • Plato (c.427 - c.347 BCE)

    • Aristotle (c.384 - c.322 BCE)

  • Rome:

    • Horace [Quintus Horatius Flaccus] (65 BCE - 8 BCE)

    • 'Longinus' (1st Century CE)

• Classical Rhetoric (inc. the Sophists):

  • Greece:

    • Gorgias (c.483 - c.376 BCE)

    • Protagoras (c.481 - c.411 BCE)

    • Prodicus of Ceos (c.465 - c.415 BCE)

    • Thrasymachus (c. 459 - c.400 BCE)

    • Antiphon (5th Century BCE)

    • Callicles (5th Century BCE)

    • Corax of Syracuse (5th Century BCE)

    • Cratylus (5th Century BCE)

    • Hippias (5th Century BCE)

    • Tisias (5th Century BCE)

    • Isocrates (436 - 338 BCE)

  • Rome:

    • Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BCE)

    • Quintilian [Marcus Fabius Quintilianus] (35 - 95 CE)

MEDIEVAL THOUGHT
(c.300 - c.1400)

• Gaius Marius Victorinus (4th Century)

• St. Jerome (347 - 420)

• St. Augustine (354 - 430)

• Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (480 - 524)

• Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (c.5th Century)

• Bede (672 - 735)

• Johannes Scotus Eriugena (c.815 – 877)

• Anselm of Canterbury (1033 - 1109)

• Conrad of Hirsau (c. 1070 – ca. 1150)

• Peter Abelard (1079 - 1142)

• Peter Lombard (1095 - 1160)

• John of Salisbury (c. 1115 - 1176)

• Geoffrey of Vinsauf (13th Century)

• Albertus Magnus (1206 - 1280)

• St. Bonaventure (1221 - 1274)

• St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274)

• Brunetto Latini (1220 - 1294)

• Meister Eckhart (1260 - 1328)

• Dante Alighieri (1265 - 1321)

• John Duns Scotus (1265 / 1266 - 1308)

• William of Ockham (1280 - 1349)

• Giovanni Boccaccio (1313 - 1375)

RENAISSANCE THOUGHT
(c.1400 - c.1600)

• Francesco Petrarca [Petrarch] (1304 - 1374)

• Giovanni Boccaccio (1313 - 1375)

• Coluccio Salutati (1331 - 1406)

• Leonardo Bruni (1369 - 1444)

• Nicholas of Cusa (1401 - 1464)

• Lorenzo Valla (1406 - 1457)

• Christoforo Landino (1424 - 1498)

• Marsilio Ficino (1433 - 1499)

• Angelo Poliziano (1459 - 1494)

• Pietro Pomponazzi (1462 - 1525)

• Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 - 1494)

• Desiderius Erasmus (1466 - 1536)

• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)

• Baldassare Castiglione (1478 - 1529)

• Thomas More (1478 - 1535)

• Francisco de Vitoria (1480 - 1546)

• Martin Luther (1483 - 1546)

• Juan Luis Vives (1492 - 1540)
• Lodovico Castelvetro (1505 - 1571)

• Petrus Ramus [Pierre de la Ramée] (1515 - 1572)

• Francisco Sanchez (1523 - 1600)

• Joachim du Bellay (c.1525 – 1560)

• Thomas Wilson (1525 - 1581)

• George Puttenham (c.1529 - 1590)

• Franciscus Patricius (1529 - 1597)

• Jacopo Zabarella (1533 – 1589)

• Torquato Tasso (1544 - 1595)

• Jacopo Mazzoni (1548 - 1598)

• Giordano Bruno (1548 - 1600)

• Francisco Suárez (1548 - 1617)

• Sir Philip Sidney (1554 - 1586)

• Stephen Gosson (1555 - 1624)

• Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)

• Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)

• Tommaso Campanella (1568 - 1639)

• Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630)

• Ben Jonson (1572 - 1637)

• Hugo Grotius (1583 - 1645)

EARLY MODERN THOUGHT
(c.1600 - c.1785)

• Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)

• Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)

• Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679)

• Pierre Gassendi (1592 - 1655)

• René Descartes (1596 - 1650)

• Pierre Corneille (1606 - 1684)

• Antoine Arnauld (1612 - 1694)

• Henry More (1614 - 1687)

• Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662)

• John Dryden (1631 - 1700)

• John Locke (1632 - 1704)

• Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux (1636 - 1711)

• Nicolas Malebranche (1638 - 1715)

• Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727)

• Gottfried Leibniz (1646 - 1716)

• Pierre Bayle (1647 - 1706)

• Christian Thomasius (1655 - 1724)

• John Dennis (1657 - 1674)

• Giambattista Vico (1668 - 1744)

• Bernard Mandeville (1670 - 1733)

• Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671 - 1713)

• Joseph Addison (1672 - 1719)

• Christian Wolff (1679 - 1754)

• Edward Young (1683 - 1765)

• George Berkeley (1685 - 1753)

• Alexander Pope (1688 - 1744)

• Francis Hutcheson (1694 - 1746)

• François-Marie Arouet [Voltaire] (1694 - 1778)

• Samuel Johnson (1696 - 1772) [the American philosopher]

• Jonathan Edwards (1703 - 1758)

• David Hartley (1705 - 1757)

• Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709 - 1751)

• Samuel Johnson (1709 - 1784)

• Johann Martin Chladenius (1710 - 1759)

• Thomas Reid (1710 - 1796)

• David Hume (1711 - 1776)

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778)

• Denis Diderot (1713 - 1784)
• Etienne Condillac (1715 - 1780)
• Jean Le Rond d'Alembert (1717 - 1783)
• Hugh Blair (1718 - 1800)
• George Campbell (1719 - 1796)

• Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach (1723 – 1789)

• Joshua Reynolds (1723 - 1792)

• Adam Smith (1723 - 1790)

• Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)

• Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729 - 1781)

• Moses Mendelssohn (1729 - 1786)

• Edmund Burke (1729 - 1797)

• Johann Georg Hamann (1730 - 1788)

• Joseph Priestley (1733 - 1804)

• James Beattie (1735 - 1803)

• John Horne Tooke (1736 - 1812)

• Marquis de Condorcet (1743 - 1794)

• Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743 - 1819)

• Johann Gottfried Herder (1744 - 1803)

NINETEENTH CENTURY THOUGHT
(c.1785 - c.1890)

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778)

• Johann Georg Hamann (1730 - 1788)

• Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743 - 1819)

• Johann Gottfried Herder (1744 - 1803)

• Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832)

• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 - 1832)

• Salomon Maimon (1753 - 1800)

• Joseph de Maistre (1753 - 1821)

• Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald (1754 - 1840)

• Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757 - 1823)

• Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 - 1814)

• Wilhelm Humboldt (1767 - 1835)

• Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768 - 1834)

• G. W. F. Hegel (1770 - 1831)

• James Mill (1773 - 1836)

• Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775 - 1854)

• Georg Anton Friedrich Ast (1778 - 1841)

• Carl von Clausewitz (1780 - 1831)

• August Philip Böckh (1785 - 1867)

• Richard Whately (1787 - 1863)

• Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 - 1860)

• William Whewell (1794 - 1866)

• Leopold von Ranke (1795 - 1886)

• Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857)

• Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)

• Ludwig Feuerbach (1804 - 1872)

• John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)

• Johann Gustav Droysen (1808 - 1884)

• Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

• Soren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855)

• Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878)

• Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862)

• Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)

• Friedrich Engels (1820 - 1895)

• Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903)

• Hermann Helmholtz (1821 - 1894)

• Francis Galton (1822 - 1911)

• Friedrich Max Muller (1823 - 1900)

• Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920)

• Wilhelm Dilthey (1833 - 1911)

• Henry Sidgwick (1838 - 1900)

• Ernst Mach (1838 - 1916)

• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)

• Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 – 1909)

• Romantic and Neo-Romantic Literature and Literary Theory (c.1785 - c.1830):

  • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 - 1832)

  • William Blake (1757 - 1827)

  • Friedrich Schiller (1759 - 1805)

  • Germain Necker de Stael (1766 - 1817)

  • August Wilhelm von Schlegel (1767 - 1845)

  • William Wordsworth (1770 - 1850)

  • Friedrich von Schlegel (1772 - 1829)

  • Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 - 1834)

  • Thomas Peacock (1785 - 1866)

  • Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 - 1822)

  • John Keats (1795 - 1821)

  • Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)

• 'Victorian' Literature and Literary Theory (Mid- to Late Nineteenth Century) (c.1830 - c.1900):

  • Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1804 - 1869)

  • John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)

  • Edgar Allan Poe (1809 - 1849)

  • Théophile Gautier (1811 - 1872)

  • John Ruskin (1819 - 1900)

  • Charles Baudelaire (1821 - 1867)

  • Gustave Flaubert (1821 - 1880)

  • Matthew Arnold (1822 - 1888)

  • Edmond de Goncourt (1822 - 1896)

  • Fernand Des Noyers (1828 - 1889)

  • Hippolyte Taine (1828 - 1893)

  • Leo Tolstoy (1828 - 1910)

  • Jules de Goncourt (1830 - 1870)

  • William Dean Howells (1837 - 1920)

  • Walter Pater (1839 - 1894)

  • Emile Zola (1840 - 1902)

  • Stéphane Mallarmé (1842 - 1898)

  • Henry James (1843 - 1916)

  • Anatole France (1844 - 1924)

  • George Saintsbury (1845 - 1933)

  • E. M. De Vogué (1848 - 1910)

  • Ferdinand de Brunetiere (1849 - 1906)

  • Guy de Maupassant (1850 - 1893)

  • Robert Louis Stevenson (1850 - 1894)

  • A. C. Bradley (1851 - 1935)

  • Oscar Wilde (1854 - 1900)

  • Joseph Conrad (1857 - 1924)

  • W. B. Yeats (1865 - 1939)

  • Arthur McDowall (1877 - 1933)

TWENTIETH CENTURY THOUGHT AND BEYOND
(c.1890 - Present)
 

Analytic Philosophy:

• Analytic Philosophy of Literature

Anglo-American Formalisms:

• Modernism
• Myth Criticism
• New Criticism
• Neo-Aristotelianism (the Chicago School)
• New York Intellectuals

Continental Philosophy:

• Neo-Kantian and Neo-Hegelian Idealism (including so-called British Idealism)
• Marxism:
  • Frankfurt School of Critical Theory
• Phenomenology:
  • Existentialist Phenomenology (Existentialism)
  • Hermeneutical Phenomenology
• Postmodernism
• Psychoanalysis:
  • Jungian Analytical Psychology
• (Post-)Structuralisms:
  • Derridean Deconstruction
  • Deleuzean Theory
  • Dialogism (the Bakhtinian Circle)
  • Foucauldian Discourse Theory
  • Saussurean Semiology / Semiotics / Structuralism
  • Structuralist (Althusseran) Marxism
  • Structuralist (Lacanian) Psychoanalysis

Pragmatism

REGIONS
 

AFRICAN AND AFRICAN DIASPORIC THOUGHT

• African and African Diasporic Literature and Literary Theory

• Central Asian Thought (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan)

• East Asian Thought (China, Hong Kong, Japan, Mongolia, South Korea, and Taiwan):

  • East Asian Literature and Literary Theory

• South Asian Thought (the Indian Sub-Continent includes Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka)

  • South Asian Literature and Literary Theory

• South East Asian Thought (Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam)

• Australasian Literature and Literary Theory

• Canadian Literature and Literary Theory

• Caribbean Literature and Literary Theory

• Central European Thought (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Macedonia, Poland, Rumania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia)

• Eastern European Thought (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine):

  • Russian Thought:

    • Russian Literature and Literary Theory

• Northern European (Scandinavian) Thought (Scandinavia) includes: Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Greenland, Norway, Sweden)

• Southern European Thought (Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Spain):

  • Greek Thought

  • Italian Thought:

    • Italian Literature and Literary Theory

  • Spanish Thought:

    • Spanish Literature and Literary Theory

• Western European Thought (Austria, Belgium, Eire, France, Germany, Leichtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK: Scotland, Wales.):

  • French Thought:

    • French Literature and Literary Theory

  • German Thought:

    • German Literature and Literary Theory

  • UK and Eire: British and Irish Thought:

    • British and Irish Literature and Literary Theory

• Latin American Literature and Literary Theory

• Arabic / Islamic Thought:

  • Arabic / Islamic Literature and Literary Theory

• Israeli / Jewish Thought:

  • Israeli / Jewish Literature and Literary Theory
     

• American Literature and Literary Theory

TOPICS
 

THE ARTS

• Architecture

• The Visual and Plastic Arts

• Cultural Studies

• Film

• Literary Theory:

  • Sub-Topics:

    • The Author

    • Literary Form and Genre:

      • Drama and Theatrical Arts

      • Poetry

      • Prose Fiction

    • Literary History, Intertextuality, and Canonicity

    • Metaliterature

    • The Reader

    • Representation

  • Literature and Other Disciplines:

    • Biology and the Arts (Literary Darwinism)

    • Cognitive Science and Literature (Cognitive Criticism)

    • Environmental Studies and the Arts (Eco-Criticism)

    • Linguistics and Literature (Literary Stylistics, Literary Semiotics and Speech-Act Theory)

• Music

COMMUNICATION

• Argumentation Theory

• Composition Studies

• Hermeneutics

• Linguistics:

  • Linguistics and Literature (Literary Stylistics, Literary Semiotics and Speech-Act Theory)

  • (Saussurean) Semiology / Semiotics / Structuralism

  • (Piercean) Semiotics

• Logic and Philosophical Logic

• Media Studies

• Philosophy of Language

• Rhetoric

• History of Ideas / History of Thought / Conceptual History / Intellectual History

• Anthropology

• Medicine and Psychiatry

• Philosophy of Mind, Perception and Self / Cognitive Science / Neuroscience:

  • Cognitive Science, Psychology and the Arts

• Psychology:

  • Psychoanalysis:

    • Jungian Analytical Psychology

    • Structuralist (Lacanian) Psychoanalysis

• Sub-Topics:

  • Autobiography

  • Gender (Feminist Theory)

  • Humanism

  • Humanities

  • Race

  • Sexuality
     

• Sub-Fields:

  • Metaphysics

  • Philosophy of Science and Technology

  • Science and Technology Studies (History, Rhetoric and Sociology of Science and Technology)

• Disciplines:

  • Biology:

    • Biology and Literature (Literary Darwinism)

  • Chemistry

  • Environmental Studies / Physical Geography:

    • Environmental Studies and the Arts (Eco-Criticism)

  • Information Technology

  • Mathematics

  • Physics

• Anthropology

• Cultural Studies

• Economics

• Human Geography

• Law

• Politics

• Sociology

• About

• Associations

• Careers

• Conferences (General)

• Journals (General)

• Nomenclature

• Photos

• Primary Sources

• Secondary Sources

• Teaching and Learning

• Gateways to the World Wide Web